Justice Willett's Separate Opinion in
Lewis, MD v. Funderburk, No.. 06-0518 (Tex. Apr. 11, 2008)
(Brister)
Also see --> Majority Opinion by Justice Brister | Separate Opinion by O'Neill
(HCLC, interlocutory appeal)
RORY LEWIS, M.D. v. DEWAYNE FUNDERBURK, AS NEXT FRIEND OF WHITNEY FUNDERBURK; from
Limestone County; 10th district (10-05-00197-CV, 191 S.W.3d 756, 04-05-06)
The Court reverses the court of appeals' judgment and remands the case to that court.
Justice Brister delivered the opinion of the Court, in which Chief Justice Jefferson, Justice Hecht, Justice
Wainwright, Justice Medina, Justice Green, Justice Johnson, and Justice Willett joined.
Justice O'Neill delivered a concurring opinion.
Justice Willett delivered a concurring opinion.
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Argued November 15, 2007
Justice Willett, concurring.
My recent concurrence in Ogletree v. Matthews described what I hoped would be a “rare bird in Texas
legal practice”: a “grossly substandard filing pitched as a bona fide report” under Section 74.351.[1] Today’s
case presents the Court with an actual sighting of this rare bird, a species that in my view merits extinction,
not conservation. Extensions forgive deficient reports, not absent ones. If a report is missed, not just amiss,
courts are remiss if they do not dismiss.
I agree with the Court that (1) the court of appeals had jurisdiction to hear Dr. Lewis’s appeal and (2) a
plaintiff may cure a deficient report by one expert with a substituted report by another expert. I write
separately only to emphasize this point: because Funderburk’s initial “report” was literally no report at all—an
irrefutable fact—I believe Dr. Lewis was free to appeal immediately the trial court’s first order denying his
motion to dismiss, even though that order simultaneously granted a thirty-day extension.
The statutory rules for filing a health care liability claim are straightforward:
! A claimant must submit an expert report within 120 days of filing suit.[2]
! The report must summarize the expert’s opinion concerning three mandatory elements: standard of
care, breach of duty, and causation.[3]
! Failure to submit the expert report within the 120-day deadline warrants dismissal,[4] and a trial court’s
refusal to dismiss can be appealed immediately.[5]
! If a plaintiff files a timely-but-deficient report, a trial court may grant one thirty-day extension “in order to
cure the deficiency,”[6] and this decision is not reviewable by interlocutory appeal.[7]
A wholly absent report is incurable and cannot be deemed a deficient report eligible for a thirty-day
extension. In Ogletree, we observed that Chapter 74 by its terms draws a sharp distinction between deficient
reports and absent ones; trial courts have discretion regarding the former (extension is permissible) and
none regarding the latter (dismissal is mandatory).[8] Accordingly, we held that the trial court in Ogletree
acted within its discretion in letting the plaintiff cure a report that, although it covered the statutory elements,
was deemed deficient because it was prepared by the wrong kind of medical professional.[9]
As Justice O’Neill emphasizes, we also held in Ogletree that the simultaneous grant of an extension to
cure a timely-but-deficient report and denial of a motion to dismiss was not subject to interlocutory appeal.
[10] But in that same case, we expressly reserved for another day the question of whether interlocutory
appeals of joint “dismissal-no/extension-yes” orders may proceed “when there is an absence of a report,
rather than a report that implicated a provider’s conduct but was somehow deficient.”[11] Today is not the
day for resolution of this important question, but it could have been, had Dr. Lewis timely appealed the trial
court’s ruling on Funderburk’s first expert report, which implicates no provider’s conduct.[12]
Unlike the report at issue in Ogletree, which addressed the required elements that make a report a report,
the document that Funderburk designated as his report—a February 2002 “thank-you-for-your-referral letter”
[13]—bears no resemblance to Chapter 74's definition of an expert report. This doctor-signed letter is no
more a report than a doctor-signed prescription or Christmas card would be. The explanation for this
conclusion is impossible to miss: this letter was written more than eighteen months before Chapter 74 and its
expert report requirement became effective (and a full twenty-two months before suit was filed). When Dr.
Wroten composed this letter in early 2002, he doubtless never dreamed it might one day be held up as an
expert report in a not-yet-filed lawsuit governed by a not-yet-enacted law.
The letter conveys gratitude for a patient referral and briefly summarizes the patient’s condition, but it
covers none of the statutory elements that the Legislature mandated in Chapter 74; indeed, it never once
“accuse[s] anyone of doing anything wrong.”[14] As I wrote in Ogletree, “any claimant passing off such
material as an expert report, and any court treating it as such, evinces a complete disregard for Chapter 74's
unambiguous statutory criteria.”[15] When compared with the standards for expert reports set by the
Legislature, this letter is “so utterly lacking that, no matter how charitably viewed, it simply cannot be deemed
an ‘expert report’ at all, even a deficient one.”[16] Essentially, the trial court judicially amended the statutory
expert-report deadline, stretching it from 120 days to 312 days (when the first, and only, actual expert report
was filed). This order is plainly impermissible.
Funderburk’s own trial court pleadings make it abundantly clear that he himself never equated the Wroten
referral letter with a bona fide expert report. On September 30, 2004—163 days after the 120-day expert
report deadline expired (and 951 days after the referral letter was written)—Funderburk’s Motion for 30-Day
Extension acknowledged as much, indicating that he did not have the required report and stating an
extension would enable him “to obtain” one. Another telling point: Funderburk never provided Wroten’s
curriculum vitae as required by Section 74.351(a)—even after the 120-day deadline had expired—yet
another indication that Funderburk himself never viewed the letter as an expert report.[17]
This Court made clear in Ogletree that nonexistence is not a curable defect: “the Legislature denied trial
courts the discretion to . . . grant extensions” when no report has been served.[18] In this case, because the
Wroten letter “totally omits the required statutory elements and makes no colorable attempt to demonstrate
liability,” dismissal was mandatory.[19]
Nevertheless, the trial court denied Dr. Lewis’s motion to dismiss and instead granted Funderburk a thirty-
day extension, remarking at the hearing:
I’m not convinced without any case law to the contrary that no report isn’t considered a deficient report
and so I’m not sure, even if it’s no report, that she’s not entitled to have an extension and I’m going to grant
thirty days to file the report and then I will reconsider your motion to dismiss.
We should hasten to provide such precedent, but unfortunately the issue is not squarely presented today.
While Dr. Lewis had the statutory right (at least in my view) to immediately appeal the first order denying his
motion to dismiss, he failed to do so within the prescribed twenty days.[20] As a result, Dr. Lewis has waived
his “no report” argument, thus foreclosing a merits-based challenge to the Wroten letter at this interlocutory
stage.
Accordingly, I concur with the Court’s judgment and look forward to the case that provides the Court a
clean opportunity to resolve the question reserved in Ogletree.
______________________________
Don R. Willett
Justice
OPINION DELIVERED: April 11, 2008
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[1] ___ S.W.3d ___ (Tex. 2007) (Willett, J., concurring).
[2] Tex. Civ. Prac. & Rem. Code § 74.351(a).
[3] § 74.351(r)(6).
[4] § 74.351(b)(2).
[5] § 51.014(a)(9).
[6] § 74.351(c).
[7] § 51.014(a)(9).
[8] Ogletree v. Matthews, ___ S.W.3d at ___ (Tex. 2007).
[9] Id.
[10] Id.
[11] Id. at ___ n.2.
[12] I understand fully a defense counsel’s reluctance to bring such an interlocutory appeal, notice of which
would be due before the thirty-day extension even expires and which carries, not incidentally, the risk of
annoying the trial court. Defense counsel’s reluctance to appeal a nondismissal order is particularly
understandable when a trial court, as here, assures defense counsel that it will reconsider the original motion
to dismiss once plaintiff serves the spruced-up report, but such tensions are inherent in interlocutory appeals
and their attendant deadlines.
[13] ___ S.W.3d at ___ (majority opinion). This letter is reproduced in its entirety in Chief Justice Gray’s
dissent below. See 191 S.W.3d 756, 762-63.
[14] Ogletree, ___ S.W.3d at ___ (Willett, J., concurring).
[15] Id. at ___.
[16] Id. at ___.
[17] Chapter 74 requires more than a timely expert report that satisfies the statutory elements; it also
requires the expert’s curriculum vitae. Tex. Civ. Prac. & Rem. Code § 74.351(a). And even if disbelief is
suspended and the Wroten letter is deemed a timely expert report, the record proves that the required
curriculum vitae was not timely provided, or ever provided for that matter.
[18] Ogletree, ___ S.W.3d at ___ (majority opinion).
[19] Id. at ___ (Willett, J., concurring).
[20] See Tex. R. App. P. 26.1(b) (establishing a 20-day deadline for filing an interlocutory appeal).