In Re Bank of America, N.A. 07-09012, 278 S.W.3d 342 (Tex. Feb. 27, 2009)(per curiam)(mandamus)
(contractual jury waiver enforced by mandamus)(jury waiver, conspicuousness of waiver, knowing and
voluntary waiver)
We hold that Prudential does not impose a presumption against jury waivers that
places the burden on Bank of America to prove that the waiver was executed
knowingly and voluntarily. Therefore, we conditionally grant the petition for writ of
mandamus and [...] reinstate the trial court order enforcing the parties’ jury waiver.
IN RE BANK OF AMERICA, N.A.; from Tarrant County; 2nd district
(02-05-00397-CV, 232 SW3d 145, 05-03-07)
Pursuant to Texas Rule of Appellate Procedure 52.8(c), without hearing oral argument, the Court
conditionally grants the petition for writ of mandamus.
Per Curiam Opinion [pdf version of opinion on court's web site]
(Justice Johnson not sitting)
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In Re Bank of America, N.A., 278 S.W.3d 342 (Tex. 2009)(per curiam)(orig. proc.)
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On Petition for Writ of Mandamus
PER CURIAM
Justice Johnson did not participate in the decision.
In this contract dispute, we decide whether our holding in In re Prudential—which held that a
contractual waiver of a jury trial is enforceable—creates a presumption against waiver that places
the burden on the party seeking enforcement to prove that the opposing party knowingly and
voluntarily agreed to waive its constitutional right to a jury trial. See In re Prudential Ins. Co. of Am.,
148 S.W.3d 124, 30–33 (Tex. 2004). On interlocutory appeal, the court of appeals applied such a
presumption and reversed the trial court’s enforcement order. 232 S.W.3d at 151–52. Today, we
conditionally grant Bank of America’s petition for writ of mandamus to clarify that Prudential does not
impose a presumption against a contractual jury waiver.
Bank of America and Mikey’s Houses executed a real estate contract and a two-page Bank of
America Mortgage Addendum, which contains a jury-waiver provision. The addendum comprises
twenty numbered and separately-spaced paragraphs, five of which contain bolded introductory
phrases that appear to be hand-underlined. Both parties signed the contract and afterwards
separately executed the addendum. One paragraph in the addendum states:
13. Waiver of Trial by Jury. Seller and buyer knowingly and conclusively waive all rights to trial by jury,
in any action or proceeding relating to this Contract.
(emphasis in original). Mikey’s Houses then sued Bank of America over the execution of the real
estate contract, claiming breach of contract, breach of warranty, misrepresentation, fraud,
negligence, and violations of the Deceptive Trade Practices Act. When Mikey’s Houses made a jury
demand, Bank of America moved to enforce the jury waiver. The trial court agreed that the waiver
should be enforced and issued an enforcement order. Mikey’s Houses then filed an interlocutory
appeal pursuant to section 51.014 of the Civil Practices and Remedies Code, seeking to reverse
the trial court’s enforcement order. The court of appeals reversed, holding that Bank of America did
not meet its burden of producing prima facie evidence that the representatives of Mikey’s Houses
knowingly and voluntarily waived their constitutional right to a jury trial. 232 S.W.3d at 147.
The court of appeals imposed this burden on Bank of America by inferring a presumption against
contractual jury waiver from our holding in Prudential, where we cited to Brady v. United States, 397
U.S. 742, 748 (1970), to recognize that the right to a trial by jury is a constitutional right. 148 S.W.3d
at 149–50. But the court of appeals’ inference is erroneous for two reasons. First, a presumption
against waiver would incorrectly place the initial burden of establishing a knowing and voluntary
execution on Bank of America, which is inapposite to our burden-shifting rule as articulated in In re
General Electric. 203 S.W.3d 314, 316 (Tex. 2006) (per curiam) (“[A] conspicuous provision is
prima facie evidence of a knowing and voluntary waiver and shifts the burden to the opposing party
to rebut it.”). Second, a presumption against waiver would create an unnecessary distinction
between arbitration and jury waiver clauses, even though we have expressed that our jurisprudence
“should be the same for all similar dispute resolution agreements.” Prudential, 148 S.W.3d at 134.
For these reasons, we hold that the court of appeals abused its discretion in overturning the trial
court’s enforcement order.
As a general matter, the court of appeals misinterprets our decision in Prudential as imposing a
presumption against contractual jury waivers. In Prudential, we held that contractual jury waivers do
not violate public policy and are enforceable. 148 S.W.3d at 129–33. The court of appeals used our
reasoning in Prudential to infer a initial presumption against the enforcement of a contractual jury
waiver, holding that, “the Texas Supreme Court equated the Texas standard for a ‘knowing and
voluntary’ prelitigation contractual jury waiver with the ‘knowing and voluntary’ standard utilized in
criminal cases like Brady to assess the validity of a defendant’s pretrial waiver of a jury trial via a
guilty plea.” 232 S.W.3d at 149. But we acknowledged Brady’s “knowing and voluntary” standard not
to impose a presumption against jury trial waiver, but to address the argument that parties may be
inclined to use contractual waivers “to take unfair advantage of others, using bargaining position,
sophistication, or other leverage to extract waivers from the reluctant or unwitting.” Prudential, 148 S.
W.3d at 132. Prudential’s recognition of the Brady standard does not impose a burden on the
enforcing party to produce evidence that a waiver was executed knowingly and voluntarily. Such a
presumption would not only be contrary to the longstanding Texas contract principle that parties are
free to enter into contracts without fear of retroactive nullification, see Wood Motor Co. v. Nebel, 238
S.W.2d 181, 185 (Tex. 1951), but is also erroneous for the two reasons discussed below.
First, a presumption against contractual jury waivers wholly ignores the burden-shifting rule
articulated in General Electric, where we held that “a conspicuous provision is prima facie evidence
of a knowing and voluntary waiver and shifts the burden to the opposing party to rebut it.” Id. We have
always presumed that “a party who signs a contract knows its contents.” In re Bank One, N.A., 216 S.
W.3d 825 (Tex. 2007) (orig. proceeding) (quoting Cantella & Co. v. Goodwin, 924 S.W.2d 943, 944
(Tex. 1996)). As long as there is a conspicuous waiver provision, Mikey’s Houses is presumed to
know what it is signing. See Thigpen v. Locke, 363 S.W.2d 247, 253 (Tex. 1962). Here, the
provision was sufficiently conspicuous to serve as prima facie evidence of a knowing and voluntary
waiver. See Gen. Elec., 203 S.W.3d at 316. Section 1.201(b)(10) of the Texas Business and
Commerce Code provides that “[c]onspicuous . . . means so written, displayed, or presented that a
reasonable person against which it is to operate ought to have noticed it.” In Prudential, we noted
that the waiver provision was “crystal clear” because “it was not printed in small type or hidden in
lengthy text” and “[t]he paragraph was captioned in bold type.” 148 S.W.3d at 134. Notably, we
disagreed with the opposing party in Prudential that the style of that waiver provision “could
reasonably have diverted . . . attention or misled them into thinking that the provision meant the
opposite of what it clearly said.” Id. In General Electric, we reviewed a waiver provision that stated:
“THE MAKER HEREBY UNCONDITIONALLY WAIVES ITS RIGHTS TO A JURY TRIAL . . .” and
held that it was conspicuous because it was set apart from the rest of the text and printed in bold
with all capital letters. 203 S.W.3d at 316.
In this case, the addendum is only two pages long, and each of the twenty provisions are set apart by
one line and numbered individually. Five of the twenty provisions included bolded introductory
captions similar to the waiver provision in Prudential, and the “Waiver of Trial By Jury” caption is one
of the five. Furthermore, the introductory caption is hand-underlined, as is the word “waiver” and the
words “trial by jury” within the provision. This bolded, underlined, and captioned waiver provision is
no less conspicuous than those contractual waivers that we upheld in both Prudential and General
Electric, and therefore serves as prima facie evidence that the representatives of Mikey’s Houses
knowingly and voluntarily waived their constitutional right to trial by jury.
“The general rule is that in the absence of a showing of fraud or imposition, a party’s failure to read
an instrument before signing it is not a ground for avoiding it.” Estes v. Republic Nat'l Bank of Dallas,
462 S.W.2d 273, 276 (Tex. 1970). This means that an allegation of fraud or imposition connected to
the waiver would shift the burden to Bank of America to prove that the conspicuous waiver provision
was executed knowingly and voluntarily. It necessarily follows, then, that when no fraud or imposition
with regard to the waiver is alleged, a conspicuous waiver of trial by jury is presumed to be knowing
and voluntary. Prudential, 148 S.W.3d at 134; see also Estes, 462 S.W.2d at 276 .
Here, representatives from Mikey’s Houses neither contended nor produced any evidence that there
was any fraud or imposition connected with the execution of the waiver provision. In fact, the court of
appeals recognizes:
[The Mikey’s Houses representative] agreed that she had an opportunity to review the addendum
and could have reviewed it line for line if she had chosen to. She stated that Bank of America did not
rush her into signing it and agreed that she probably could have retained counsel to review it if she
had wished.
232 S.W.3d at 154. Mikey’s Houses did not demonstrate that the conspicuous waiver was not
executed knowingly and voluntarily, and since the representatives are presumed to have known what
they signed, Mikey’s Houses failed to rebut the presumption. Thus, the court of appeals erred when it
required Bank of America to first prove the extent of Mikey’s Houses’ knowledge and voluntariness.
As for the extent of the allegation that would be necessary to shift the burden to Bank of America to
prove knowledge and voluntariness, an allegation could be sufficient to shift the burden if there is
fraud alleged in the execution of the waiver provision itself. See Prudential, 148 S.W.3d at 134. In
Prudential, we noted that the party opposing the contractual jury-waiver provision did not “claim that
they were tricked into agreeing” to the waiver, although they did claim that they were fraudulently
induced to execute the contract when the enforcing party concealed facts that would have dissolved
the entire contract. Id. We held that general allegations of fraud were not sufficient to shift the burden
of proof to the enforcing party to prove that the opposing party knowingly and voluntarily waived the
right to jury trial, reasoning that “[t]he purpose of [jury waiver] provisions—to control resolution of
future disputes—would be almost entirely defeated if the assertion of fraud common to such
disputes were enough to bar enforcement.” Id. The same rationale applies here, where Mikey’s
Houses never alleges fraud connected to the execution of the waiver itself, but claims that the waiver
was “the result of fraud in the inception of the transaction.” Such a general allegation of fraud is
insufficient to shift the burden to Bank of America. If a party could simply allege fraud on the entire
transaction in order to nullify a jury–waiver provision, there would hardly ever be a circumstance
when waiver provisions could ever be enforceable.
We also note the similarity between arbitration clauses and jury–waiver provisions to clarify that a
presumption against contractual jury waivers is antithetical to Prudential’s jurisprudence with regard
to private dispute resolution agreements. In Prudential, we agreed with the United States Supreme
Court that “arbitration and forum-selection clauses should be enforced, even if they are part of an
agreement alleged to have been fraudulently induced, as long as the specific clauses were not
themselves the product of fraud or coercion.” 148 S.W.3d at 134–35 (citing Scherk v. Alberto-Culver
Co., 417 U.S. 506 (1974)). Since Prudential indicates that the same dispute resolution rule
expressed by the United States Supreme Court in Scherk should apply to contractual jury-waiver
provisions, the court of appeals’ analysis errs by distinguishing jury waivers from arbitration clauses,
thereby imposing a stringent initial presumption against jury waivers. 232 S.W.3d at 151–52.
Statutes compel arbitration if an arbitration agreement exists, see Tex. Civ. Prac. Rem. Code Sec.
171.021(a) (Texas General Arbitration Act), and more importantly, “Texas law has historically
favored agreements to resolve such disputes by arbitration.” In re Poly-America, L.P., 262 S.W.3d
337, 348 (Tex. 2008); see also In re. D. Wilson Constr. Co., 196 S.W.3d 774, 782–83 (Tex. 2006)
(recognizing presumption favoring arbitration clauses).
We see no reason why there should be a different rule for contractual jury waivers.
We hold that Prudential does not impose a presumption against jury waivers that places the burden
on Bank of America to prove that the waiver was executed knowingly and voluntarily. Therefore, we
conditionally grant the petition for writ of mandamus and direct the court of appeals to vacate and
withdraw the opinion and judgment of May 3, 2007, and to reinstate the trial court order enforcing the
parties’ jury waiver. Tex. R. App. P. 52.8(c); see also Prudential, 148 S.W.3d at 139–140 (holding
that mandamus is appropriate remedy to enforce contractual jury waivers). We are confident the
court of appeals will comply, and the writ will issue only if it fails to do so.
OPINION DELIVERED: February 27, 2009