Unifund CCR Partners v. Villa, No. 08-1026 (Tex. Oct. 23, 2009)(per curiam)
UNIFUND CCR PARTNERS v. JAVIER VILLA; from Webb County;
4th district (04-07-00465-CV, 273 SW3d 385, 09-17-08)
Pursuant to Texas Rule of Appellate Procedure 59.1, after granting the petition for review and without hearing
oral argument, the Court reverses the court of appeals' judgment and renders judgment.
Per Curiam Opinion
View Electronic Briefs in UNIFUND CCR PARTNERS v. VILLA
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Unifund CCR Partners v. Villa (Tex. 2009)(per curiam)
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Per Curiam
Unifund CCR Partners (Unifund) purchased a credit card debt Javier Villa owed to Bank One. Villa later filed
for bankruptcy, and his debts were discharged. In his bankruptcy filing, Villa listed Bank One, not Unifund, as
creditor on the credit card debt. After Villa’s bankruptcy, Unifund sued Villa on the debt. Villa answered, asserted
his discharge in bankruptcy, and filed a motion for sanctions. Unifund responded by filing a notice of dismissal,
and the trial court dismissed the suit with prejudice. Several months later the court assessed sanctions against
Unifund pursuant to chapter 10 of the Texas Civil Practice and Remedies Code. The court of appeals affirmed.
273 S.W.3d 385.
We hold that the trial court abused its discretion in assessing sanctions against Unifund because there was no
evidence to support the findings underlying the sanctions.
Unifund purchased a past-due credit card debt Javier Villa owed to Bank One. Unifund sent Villa a letter
notifying him that it had purchased the debt and demanding payment. Villa testified he did not remember
receiving it. Villa and his wife subsequently filed for Chapter 7 bankruptcy, listing Bank One among their creditors
and listing the account that had been sold to Unifund as debt owed to Bank One. The bankruptcy court granted
the Villas a discharge. After the bankruptcy discharge, Unifund sent Villa a second letter demanding payment of
the debt. Villa took the letter to his attorney, but neither Villa nor his attorney responded to the letter or notified
Unifund of the bankruptcy discharge.
Unifund filed suit against Villa on the debt. Villa filed an answer that, in part, asserted his discharge in
bankruptcy. He also filed a motion seeking sanctions against Unifund and its attorneys pursuant to chapter 10 of
the Civil Practice and Remedies Code.1 His motion for sanctions urged that Unifund’s petition was signed and
filed for improper purposes because Unifund either knew Villa’s debt had been discharged in bankruptcy or
reasonably should have known of the bankruptcy discharge and it should have made further inquiry before filing
suit. Unifund promptly filed a motion to dismiss its suit. The trial court granted the motion but also set a hearing
on Villa’s motion for sanctions. After the hearing, the court signed an order imposing sanctions on Unifund and
directing it to pay Villa $18,685.00 for inconvenience and harassment and $2,871.00 for expenses and attorney’
s fees. In an en banc decision on rehearing, a divided court of appeals affirmed. 273 S.W.3d 385.
In this Court, Unifund argues that the trial court abused its discretion by imposing sanctions because (1) its
plenary power had expired before it signed the sanctions order, so the order is void; (2) the trial court did not
have jurisdiction over the questions presented in Villa’s motion for sanctions because the bankruptcy court has
exclusive jurisdiction over the issues of whether Villa’s debt was discharged and whether Unifund violated the
bankruptcy discharge order; (3) the sanctions imposed were outside the scope of remedies authorized by
section 10.004(c) of the Civil Practice and Remedies Code; (4) there is no evidence to support the sanctions;
and (5) the sanctions for inconvenience and harassment are unjust and excessive. Unifund does not challenge
the court of appeals’ determination that it did not appeal the award of attorney’s fees. Accordingly, we will
address only the award of $18,685.00 for Villa’s inconvenience and harassment.
First, we must address Unifund’s argument that the trial court did not have jurisdiction over Villa’s claim for
sanctions, because if it did not, then we do not. See Tex. Ass’n of Bus. v. Tex. Air Control Bd., 852 S.W.2d 440,
443-44 (Tex. 1993). Unifund argues that the bankruptcy court has exclusive jurisdiction over allegations that a
discharge order was violated and that under bankruptcy law it has a lack of notice defense which must be
determined by the bankruptcy court. The argument fails because the sanctions were not based on Unifund’s
violation of the bankruptcy order. Villa’s motion and the trial court’s sanctions order were based on chapter 10 of
the Civil Practice and Remedies Code and Unifund’s failure to make reasonable inquiry after it had knowledge of
Villa’s bankruptcy discharge. The trial court found that before filing suit, Unifund made an inquiry on Villa’s credit
report from TransUnion LLC, the credit report showed Villa’s discharge in bankruptcy, and knowledge Unifund
gained from the credit report placed a duty on it to exercise due diligence and inquire further about the
bankruptcy before filing suit against Villa. See Tex. Civ. Prac. & Rem. Code § 10.002(c). The trial court found
that Unifund brought the claim in bad faith because the real purpose of the lawsuit was to harass, intimidate, and
coerce Villa into paying a debt for which he was not responsible after his bankruptcy discharge. See id. §§ 10.001
(1), 10.002(c). Finally, the court found that Unifund’s attorney signed the original petition in violation of Section
10.001(1)2 and that Unifund was implicated apart from its attorney’s behavior “because it ignored clear evidence
of Villa’s prior-filed bankruptcy.” Villa did not seek sanctions on the basis that Unifund violated the bankruptcy
court’s order, nor did the court sanction Unifund for violating federal law. Villa asserted, and the trial court found,
Unifund’s actions were proscribed by state law. Unifund does not urge that the trial court lacked jurisdiction to
determine whether Unifund’s actions warranted sanctions based solely on state law, and clearly the trial court did
have jurisdiction to consider and rule on Villa’s motion. See Graber v. Fuqua, 279 S.W.3d 608, 612 (Tex. 2009)
(explaining that Congress’s intent to preempt must be “clear and manifest” to overcome the presumption that
Congress did not preempt state law).
Next, we address Unifund’s claim that the sanctions order is void because the trial court’s plenary power
expired before it signed the order nine months after the order dismissing Unifund’s suit. See, e.g., Scott & White
Mem’l Hosp. v. Schexnider, 940 S.W.2d 594, 596 & n.2 (Tex. 1996) (stating that a court cannot issue an order of
sanctions after its plenary power has expired). The expiration date for a trial court’s plenary power is calculated
from the date the court enters a final order disposing of all the claims and parties. See Crites v. Collins, 284 S.W.
3d 839, 840-41 (Tex. 2009). Unifund argues that in this case the date for determining when the trial court’s
plenary power expired was the date the order dismissing Unifund’s suit was signed. Unifund relies, in part, on
cases in which the motions for sanctions were filed after the trial court entered judgment dismissing the case.
See Lane Bank Equip. Co. v. Smith S. Equip., Inc., 10 S.W.3d 308, 310, 312 (Tex. 2000); Schexnider, 940 S.W.
2d at 596; Mantri v. Bergman, 153 S.W.3d 715, 716-17 (Tex. App.—Dallas 2005, pet. denied); Estate of Davis v.
Cook, 9 S.W.3d 288, 295-96 (Tex. App.—San Antonio 1999, no pet.). Here, Villa filed his motion for sanctions
before Unifund filed its motion to dismiss, and the motion for sanctions was pending at the time the trial court
signed the dismissal order. Unless the motion was specifically referenced as having been disposed of by the
dismissal order, the order did not necessarily dispose of Villa’s motion. Tex. R. Civ. P. 162 (a dismissal based on
a nonsuit “shall have no effect on any motion for sanctions”); Crites, 284 S.W.3d at 840 (“A judgment dismissing
all of a plaintiff’s claims against a defendant, such as an order of nonsuit, does not necessarily dispose of any
cross-actions, such as a motion for sanctions, unless specifically stated within the order.”) (citing Lehmann v. Har-
Con Corp., 39 S.W.3d 191, 199 (Tex. 2001)). And, Villa’s motion was not specifically referenced by the dismissal
order.
Additionally, Unifund relies on cases in which a pending sanctions order was held to be void because it was
entered after the trial court’s plenary power expired following entry of a judgment determined to have been final.
See Lane Bank, 10 S.W.3d at 312 (noting that an order of nonsuit may be final, even though a pending
sanctions motion is left unresolved, when the judgment disposes of all parties and all issues in the pleadings); In
re Bennett, 960 S.W.2d 35, 38 (Tex. 1997) (recognizing that the signing of an order dismissing a case is the
starting point for determining when a trial court’s plenary power expires); Martin v. Tex. Dep’t of Family &
Protective Servs., 176 S.W.3d 390, 394 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2004, no pet.); Torres v. Tex. Dep’t of
Family & Protective Servs., No. 01-03-01125-CV, 2004 WL 1631305, at *2-3 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] July
22, 2004, no pet.); In re Velte, 140 S.W.3d 709, 711-12 (Tex. App.—Austin 2004, orig. proceeding); Jobe v.
Lapidus, 874 S.W.2d 764, 767-68 (Tex. App.—Dallas 1994, writ denied). Unifund’s reliance is misplaced. In
Crites, a motion for sanctions was filed after the plaintiffs filed notice of nonsuit but before the trial court signed
an order of dismissal. 284 S.W.3d at 840. We explained that the trial court had power to grant sanctions so long
as its plenary authority had not expired and whether the trial court acted within its plenary power depended on
whether the order of dismissal was a final judgment. Id. at 840-43. We held that an order of dismissal pursuant to
nonsuit is not a final, appealable order when the order does not “unequivocally express an intent to dispose of all
claims and all parties” and that the motion for sanctions remained pending because (1) Crites filed the motion
before the trial court signed the dismissal order and (2) the dismissal order did not contain specific language
either denying or granting relief as to all pending claims. See id. at 841. Between the filing of Unifund’s motion to
dismiss and the trial court’s signing of the dismissal order, the trial court set a hearing on Villa’s motion for
sanctions. See id. (noting it was instructive in determining whether the dismissal order was final that the trial court
held a hearing on the sanctions motion thirty-six days after signing the order). The dismissal order was entitled
“ORDER OF DISMISSAL,” stated “the above styled and numbered cause be and it is hereby dismissed with
prejudice,” and did not specifically address Villa’s pending motion for sanctions. The trial court’s sanctions order,
on the other hand, was entitled “ORDER IMPOSING SANCTIONS AND FINAL JUDGMENT.” The trial court
specified that it was a “FINAL ORDER AND JUDGMENT IN THIS CASE, AND IS INTENDED BY THIS COURT AND
THE PARTIES HERETO, TO BE FINAL AND APPEALABLE.” It is apparent that the trial court’s earlier dismissal
order was not intended to be, and was not, a final order disposing of all pending matters and thus appealable.
Accordingly, the trial court’s plenary power had not expired before it entered the sanctions order. The sanctions
order was not void.
We now turn to Unifund’s assertion that the trial court abused its discretion in assessing sanctions because no
evidence supported the findings that Unifund violated chapter 10 of the Civil Practice and Remedies Code by
filing suit against Villa. Chapter 10 allows a trial court to sanction a party or an attorney for filing pleadings that
lack a reasonable basis in law or fact. See Tex. Civ. Prac. & Rem. Code § 10.001; Low v. Henry, 221 S.W.3d
609, 614 (Tex. 2007). Generally, courts presume that pleadings and other papers are filed in good faith. Low,
221 S.W.3d at 617. The party seeking sanctions bears the burden of overcoming the presumption. Id. at 614.
Accordingly, it was incumbent on Villa to support his motion for sanctions with competent proof that (1) a
reasonable inquiry into the allegations in Unifund’s pleadings would have disclosed that not all the allegations in
its pleadings had or would likely have evidentiary support, and (2) Unifund did not make a reasonable inquiry
before filing suit. Id. at 617. Incompetent evidence, surmise, or speculation will not suffice for the proof required.
A trial court’s imposition of sanctions is reviewed for abuse of discretion. Id. at 614. An assessment of
sanctions will be reversed only if the trial court acted without reference to any guiding rules and principles, such
that its ruling was arbitrary or unreasonable. Id. The trial court does not abuse its discretion if it bases its
decision on conflicting evidence and some evidence supports its decision. In re Barber, 982 S.W.2d 364, 366
(Tex. 1998). However, a trial court abuses its discretion when its decision is contrary to the only permissible view
of probative, properly-admitted evidence. See id.
Villa’s motion and the trial court’s order depend entirely on the allegation and evidence that Unifund obtained
knowledge of Villa’s bankruptcy by accessing and obtaining TransUnion’s credit file on him. Unifund, however,
denied having knowledge of Villa’s bankruptcy filing and discharge. The only evidence offered at the sanctions
hearing as to Unifund’s having obtained or accessed Villa’s credit file was a document Villa offered as a
TransUnion Credit Report. Unifund objected to the document, in part, on the basis that it was hearsay. The proof
as to the document, its validity, and its contents consisted entirely of Villa’s testimony. He testified that he
received the proffered document in response to a request he made to TransUnion. There was no evidence as to
whom or what TransUnion was, how it operated, how it obtained information, its procedures for responding to
requests for credit reports, how the report was generated, whether the report offered was complete or partial, or
whether the same type of reports were furnished to all persons and entities that made inquiry. The trial court
overruled Unifund’s objections and admitted the document.
The court’s findings that Unifund CCR Partners subjectively knew of Villa’s bankruptcy and that it became
aware of the bankruptcy before suit was filed rely entirely on the truth of the statements in the TransUnion
document. But the document was hearsay, was timely objected to, and should have been excluded from
evidence. See Volkswagen of Am., Inc. v. Ramirez, 159 S.W.3d 897, 909 (Tex. 2004). Absent the inadmissible
document, there is no evidence to support Villa’s motion and the trial court’s findings and conclusions that
Unifund violated the provisions of Chapter 10. Without evidence to support Villa’s motion and the trial court’s
findings, the trial court abused its discretion by assessing sanctions against Unifund. See In re Barber, 982 S.W.
2d at 366.
Our holding that there is no evidence to support the trial court’s assessment of sanctions is dispositive of the
appeal. We need not and do not address Unifund’s additional contentions that the sanctions imposed were
outside the scope of remedies authorized by section 10.004(c) of the Civil Practice and Remedies Code and that
the sanctions for inconvenience and harassment are unjust and excessive.
Pursuant to rule 59.1 of the Texas Rules of Appellate Procedure, we grant the petition for review and without
hearing oral argument, we reverse the court of appeals’ judgment affirming the award of $18,685.00 to Villa as
sanctions and render judgment that Villa take nothing on his claim for costs for inconvenience and harassment.3
OPINION DELIVERED: October 23, 2009
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1 Additionally, Villa filed a motion seeking sanctions under rule 13 of the Texas Rules of Civil Procedure. We address only the
motion seeking sanctions under Chapter 10 because that was the only basis on which Villa proceeded in the trial court. The trial
court order specified that sanctions were awarded pursuant to Chapter 10.
2 The trial court stated during the hearing on the motion for sanctions that it would not assess sanctions against Unifund’s
attorney because the only evidence was that the attorney did not know of Villa’s bankruptcy before filing suit. The findings in the
written order were contrary to the court’s oral findings, but no sanctions were assessed against the attorney, and he is not a party
to this appeal.
3 The trial court’s order awarding attorney’s fees was not challenged on appeal.