In re ADM Investor Services, Inc., No. 08-0570 304 S.W.3d 371(Tex. Feb. 19, 2010)(Opinion by
Green) (forum selection clause enforced by mandamus; poor health of elderly plaintiff as reason for keeping
case in Texas rejected)
IN RE ADM INVESTOR SERVICES, INC.; from Rains County;
12th district (12-08-00125-CV, 257 SW3d 817, 06-30-08)
Pursuant to Texas Rule of Appellate Procedure 52.8(c), without hearing oral argument, the Court conditionally
grants the petition for writ of mandamus.
Justice Paul Green delivered the opinion of the Court. [pdf]
Justice Willett delivered a concurring opinion. [pdf]
View Electronic Briefs in 08-0570 IN RE ADM INVESTOR SERVICES, INC.
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In re ADM Investor Services, Inc. 304 S.W.3d 371(Tex. 2010)(mandamus)(Green)
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Justice Green delivered the opinion of the Court.
Justice Willett filed a concurring opinion.
In this case, we consider whether the trial court abused its discretion by denying a motion to dismiss premised
on a forum-selection clause. We conclude that it did. The real party in interest did not overcome the
presumption against the relator’s waiving its right to enforce the forum-selection clause, or satisfy her burden to
demonstrate that enforcing the clause would be unreasonable and unjust. Accordingly, we conditionally grant
the relator’s petition for writ of mandamus and order the trial court to dismiss the case as to the relator.
I
Jetta Prescott executed an agreement in 2001 with ADM Investor Services, Inc., allowing ADM to trade
commodities on Prescott’s behalf. Texas Trading Company Incorporated acted as a broker and guarantor in
the transaction. When Prescott’s account balance reached a deficit greater than $50,000.00, ADM was
authorized to close her account and collect the deficit from Texas Trading. In early 2004, Prescott’s balance
reached a deficit of $57,844.29. ADM closed her account and collected the deficit from Texas Trading’s CEO,
Charles Dawson. Dawson filed suit in his individual capacity in Hopkins County against Prescott and obtained a
judgment against her.
Prescott then sued both Texas Trading and ADM in Rains County, alleging several legal theories including
fraud, breach of fiduciary duty, and negligence. Texas Trading simultaneously filed an answer and a motion to
transfer venue to Hopkins County. ADM responded to the suit by filing an answer, a motion to dismiss, and,
alternatively, a motion to transfer venue to Hopkins County. ADM’s motion to dismiss relied on the choice-of-law
and forum-selection clause in its agreement with Prescott, which reads:
All actions or proceedings arising directly, indirectly or otherwise in connection with, out of, related to, or from
this Agreement or any transaction covered hereby shall be governed by the law of Illinois and may, at the
discretion and election of [ADM], be litigated in courts whose situs in [sic] within Illinois.
A hearing was set for Texas Trading’s motion to transfer venue. ADM acknowledged the setting for this
hearing in a letter to Prescott’s counsel, but then elected not to appear so as to avoid potentially waiving its
motion to dismiss. Instead, approximately three months after filing its answer and motion to dismiss, ADM
requested a separate hearing on its motion to dismiss. After the hearing on Texas Trading’s motion to transfer
venue, the trial court granted that motion. The trial court later conducted a hearing on ADM’s motion to dismiss,
which it denied. The trial court explained its reasoning in a letter, stating that although the forum-selection
clause would be enforceable if ADM were the lone defendant, “[i]t seems unreasonable to the Court for Plaintiff
to have to pursue the same cause of action against two defendants in two different states.” Nothing in the
record before us indicates whether the trial court ruled on ADM’s motion to transfer venue to Hopkins County,
where Prescott’s claims remain pending against Texas Trading. The court of appeals denied ADM’s petition for
writ of mandamus on the alternative ground that ADM waived enforcement. 257 S.W.3d 817, 822 (Tex. App.—
Tyler 2008).
II
Prescott primarily argues to us that ADM waived enforcement by failing to request a hearing sooner or
appear at the hearing on Texas Trading’s motion to transfer venue, which prevented the trial court from being
able to determine the proper forum for the entire case to be heard. Prescott also argues that Dawson, as ADM’
s agent, waived the forum-selection clause by his earlier lawsuit against Prescott, and that Texas Trading, as
ADM’s agent, waived the clause by moving to transfer venue. In the alternative, Prescott argues that it would be
unreasonable or unjust to enforce the forum-selection clause.
Mandamus will issue if the relator establishes a clear abuse of discretion for which there is no adequate
remedy by appeal. In re Prudential Ins. Co. of Am., 148 S.W.3d 124, 135–36 (Tex. 2004). We have consistently
granted petitions for writ of mandamus to enforce forum-selection clauses because a trial court that improperly
refuses to enforce such a clause has clearly abused its discretion. See In re AIU Ins. Co., 148 S.W.3d 109, 114–
15 (Tex. 2004).
A party waives a forum-selection clause by substantially invoking the judicial process to the other party’s
detriment or prejudice. In re Automated Collection Techs., Inc., 156 S.W.3d 557, 559 (Tex. 2004) (per curiam);
see also AIU, 148 S.W.3d at 121. There is a strong presumption against such waiver. See Perry Homes v. Cull,
258 S.W.3d 580, 590 (Tex. 2008) (observing strong presumption against waiver of arbitration clause);
Automated, 156 S.W.3d at 559 (stating that waiver in arbitration clause context is analogous to forum-selection
clauses). In Perry Homes, we adopted a test considering the totality of the circumstances. 258 S.W.3d at 596.
But merely participating in litigation does not categorically mean the party has invoked the judicial process so
as to waive enforcement. Automated, 156 S.W.3d at 559–60. Waiver can be implied from a party’s unequivocal
conduct, but not by inaction. See Perry Homes, 258 S.W.3d at 593.
We disagree with the court of appeals that ADM waived enforcement. Simultaneously filing an answer and
motion to transfer venue with a motion to dismiss falls short of substantially invoking the judicial process to
Prescott’s detriment or prejudice. Indeed, in both AIU and Automated, the defendants participated in the
litigation process much more substantially. See AIU, 148 S.W.3d at 121 (defendant filed answer and request for
jury before filing its motion to dismiss); Automated, 156 S.W.3d 558–60 (defendant filed answer with
counterclaims and served substantial discovery requests before filing its motion to dismiss). ADM’s
approximately three-month delay in requesting a hearing also does not compel us to find waiver. We do not
consider the length of any delay separate from the totality of the circumstances. See Perry Homes, 258 S.W.3d
at 595–97. Here, despite the gap between filing and requesting a hearing, ADM did nothing “unequivocal” to
waive enforcement. See id. at 593. Moreover, we have considered comparable delays before without finding
waiver. See AIU, 148 S.W.3d at 121 (five-month delay); Automated, 156 S.W.3d 558 (four-month delay).
We also reject any agency theory that holds ADM as waiving enforcement because of the actions taken by
Texas Trading, an initial co-defendant, or its CEO, Dawson. “An agent’s authority to act on behalf of a principal
depends on some communication by the principal either to the agent (actual or express authority) or to the third
party (apparent or implied authority).” Gaines v. Kelly, 235 S.W.3d 179, 182 (Tex. 2007). “Because an agent’s
authority is presumed to be co-extensive with the business entrusted to his care, it includes only those
contracts and acts incidental to the management of the particular business with which he is entrusted.” Id. at
185. Nothing in the record suggests that the scope of any agency relationship between ADM and Texas
Trading, its broker, encompasses the actual authority to waive the forum-selection clause during litigation.
Likewise, nothing suggests that ADM communicated to Prescott that Texas Trading would have such authority.
Prescott has also failed to establish an exception under which the trial court’s refusal to enforce the forum-
selection clause would be permissible. A trial court abuses its discretion in refusing to enforce a forum-selection
clause unless the party opposing enforcement of the clause can clearly show that (1) enforcement would be
unreasonable or unjust, (2) the clause is invalid for reasons of fraud or overreaching, (3) enforcement would
contravene a strong public policy of the forum where the suit was brought, or (4) the selected forum would be
seriously inconvenient for trial. In re Lyon Fin. Servs., Inc., 257 S.W.3d 228, 231–32 (Tex. 2008) (per curiam).
The burden of proof is heavy for the party challenging enforcement. AIU, 148 S.W.3d at 113. When
inconvenience in litigating in the chosen forum is foreseeable at the time of contracting, the challenger must
“show that trial in the contractual forum will be so gravely difficult and inconvenient that he will for all practical
purposes be deprived of his day in court.” Id. (quoting M/S Bremen v. Zapata Off-Shore Co., 407 U.S. 1, 18
(1972)); see also Lyon, 257 S.W.3d at 234 (“By entering into an agreement with a forum-selection clause, the
parties effectively represent to each other that the agreed forum is not so inconvenient that enforcing the
clause will deprive either party of its day in court, whether for cost or other reasons.”).
Prescott failed to meet her heavy burden to establish that enforcing the forum-selection clause will be
unreasonable or unjust, or seriously inconvenient. The mere existence of another defendant does not compel
joint litigation, even if the claims arise out of the same nucleus of facts. See In re Int’l Profit Assocs., Inc., 274 S.
W.3d 672, 680 (Tex. 2009) (per curiam) (“If all it takes to avoid a forum-selection clause is to join as defendants
local residents who are not parties to the agreement, then forum-selection clauses will be of little value.”).
Indeed, as the case reaches us, the trial court already separated the case, isolating ADM as a defendant in
Prescott’s suit in Rains County. Still, our conclusion would not differ even if ADM and Texas Trading were co-
defendants in a single forum. Nothing in the record establishes that Prescott could not proceed in Illinois.
Moreover, while a trial in Texas is undoubtedly more convenient for a Texas resident, Prescott failed to prove
that a trial in Illinois would deprive her of her day in court. See Lyon, 257 S.W.3d at 234. Prescott’s
circumstances here are thus not sufficient to meet the heavy burden she has to avoid a forum-selection clause.
See AIU, 148 S.W.3d at 113.
We observe that Prescott asserted in her brief to this Court that her “health will prevent her from prosecuting
her claims in two different states.” The record shows that Prescott presented an affidavit to the trial court,
opposing Texas Trading’s motion to transfer venue to Hopkins County. Prescott swore that she was nearing the
age of 80, suffered chronic health problems including fibromyalgia and heart problems, often had difficulty
walking, and had been hospitalized several times in recent months. Prescott believed that her “case will be
severely prejudiced if transferred to Hopkins County.” Although we are sympathetic to Prescott’s health
concerns, the record does not establish that requiring her to pursue her claims against ADM in Illinois, the
forum to which she agreed in 2001, would be unreasonable or unjust. Further, even assuming that health
concerns could render a selected forum sufficiently inconvenient to preclude enforcement of a forum-selection
clause, we believe that Prescott’s conclusory statements are insufficient to establish such inconvenience. Cf.
Lyon, 257 S.W.3d at 234 (“If merely stating that financial and logistical difficulties will preclude litigation in
another state suffices to avoid a forum-selection clause, the clauses are practically useless.”).1
By allowing for exceptions when enforcement of forum-selection clauses would be unreasonable or unjust, or
seriously inconvenient, we, as the Supreme Court in M/S Bremen, have recognized that there may be extreme
circumstances that courts cannot presently anticipate or foresee; but we have not established a bright-line test
for avoiding enforcement of forum-selection clauses. See M/S Bremen, 407 U.S. at 17 (speculating that
exceptional circumstances could exist such as a forum-selection clause in a contract of adhesion, or a
controversy that the parties could never have had in mind).2 We have consistently refused to close the door to
the possibility that exceptional circumstances could exist, even as we have chosen not to confront them in
particular cases. See, e.g., Int’l Profit Assocs., 274 S.W.3d at 679–80; Lyon, 257 S.W.3d at 231–32; Michiana
Easy Livin’ Country, Inc. v. Holten, 168 S.W.3d 777, 793 (Tex. 2005). Here, though, we need not elaborate on
these exceptions any further because the sparse record in this mandamus case does not demonstrate such
exceptional circumstances.
III
We conclude that Prescott did not overcome the presumption against ADM’s waiving its right to enforce the
forum-selection clause by showing that ADM substantially invoked the judicial process. We also conclude that
Prescott failed to satisfy her burden to demonstrate that enforcement of the forum-selection clause would be
unjust and unreasonable. Accordingly, we hold that the trial court abused its discretion in denying ADM’s
motion to dismiss. There is no adequate remedy by appeal when a trial court refuses to enforce a forum-
selection clause. In re Pirelli Tire, L.L.C., 247 S.W.3d 670, 679 (Tex. 2007). For these reasons, without hearing
oral argument, Tex. R. App. P. 52.8(c), we conditionally grant ADM’s petition for writ of mandamus and direct
the trial court to vacate its February 11, 2008 order and grant ADM’s motion to dismiss. We are confident the
trial court will comply, and the writ will issue only if it fails to do so.
__________________________
Paul W. Green
Justice
OPINION DELIVERED: February 19, 2010
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1 In considering the circumstances of this case, we offer no opinion as to whether, in a different case, health concerns might be
sufficient grounds to preclude enforcement of a forum-selection clause, or what sort of proof of such health concerns would be
required.
2 The Supreme Court clarified in Carnival Cruise Lines, Inc. v. Shute that its use of “serious inconvenience of the contractual
forum” in M/S Bremen was in the context of a hypothetical agreement between two Americans to resolve a local dispute in a
remote alien forum, not an agreement to resolve the dispute in another state. 499 U.S. 585, 594 (1991).